What types of wood processing are there?

Timber is incredibly popular in the current construction industry. They are used to perform and solve a wide variety of tasks. Of course, this does not mean that this type of material is used exclusively in construction. They are used in the manufacture of musical instruments and in the creation of sports equipment.

The scope of application of timber is quite extensive! Therefore, it is now extremely important that they are manufactured in compliance with environmental standards and regulations. And this is well known! Therefore, they produce only environmentally friendly wood. A lot has been done for this. For example, the company installed a new air exhaust pipe. Its height is 95 meters. The sewer pipes have also been replaced, so there is no risk that production waste will enter the soil or air.

And in general, all waste is steam and water, which do not cause any harm to the environment!

But what methods of timber production and wood processing exist? There are three such methods:

The first method is exclusively biological.
The second is of chemical origin.
The third method is completely mechanical.

Let's take a closer look at each of them to understand what the main features are.

Processing wood biologically

This method is most often used when there is a need to process low-quality wood. This method is also used for processing various wood and agricultural waste in order to obtain such a valuable product as feed protein yeast.

It must be said that with the biological method of wood processing they also produce:

ethyl alcohol;
furfural;
xylitol

What is the main task of the biological method of wood processing? First of all, this method makes it possible to provide agricultural production with the necessary raw materials for microbiological synthesis. It is important to note here that any raw material that is made from natural wood is environmentally friendly.

At any plant that processes wood, saws it, and so on, the technological process of processing natural wood is divided into several stages. and each of them has its own specific properties that make it possible to obtain the final product in accordance with market requirements and environmental standards.

What is mechanical machining process

Now let's figure out what the mechanical process of wood processing is. In this case, first of all, it means that in the process the lumber is simply given the desired shape and size. In this case, wood as a substance remains in an unchanged state, that is, there is no chemical effect on it.

In most cases, wood materials are processed in such a way that the bonds between wood fibers are broken. This is done by conventionally cutting the material into the required parts, which are subsequently sawed, planed and milled. In some cases, mechanical processing is carried out without destroying the fiber bonds. In other words, the wood is bent and pressed. The main difficulty here lies in the fact that not every wood is characterized by sufficient ductility. Therefore, craftsmen initially decide which mechanical processing process can be used to subject the selected wood species.

Note that cutting wood material is not necessarily carried out with the formation of waste in the form of chips. Production can be completely waste-free. At the same time, the main indicator of quality is the accuracy of the dimensions of the resulting products. Cutting is one of the most important technological processes when it comes to mechanical processing.

If the wood is split, then, as a rule, it is simply divided in half, that is, along the grain. In this case, it will not be possible to divide it along a given direction. As for processing wood by applying high pressure to it, in this case it:

bend;
bend;
pressed.

And in this case, the wood must be steamed before being subjected to any of the listed influences. This makes it more flexible. Note that all bent-laminated products are in most cases made from plywood or wood veneer. This allows you to produce particle boards or briquettes. Of course, in order for the product to acquire the required strength, it must be subjected to a pressing process.

Another option for mechanical processing of wood is crushing. In this case, the materials are divided into parts randomly, that is, no clear proportions and shapes are observed in this case.

Moneybox of knowledge

Wood is one of the most common construction and ornamental materials used by man for many centuries. Tools, carts, sleighs, boats were made from wood, houses were erected, furniture, toys, musical instruments, souvenirs, etc. were made. Wood products decorated with openwork carvings, painting, burning, and mosaics became real works of applied art. The ancient Russian settlement of Kizhi still amazes everyone with its beauty and originality; Khokhloma painting is still famous all over the world.

Artistic wood processing

And nowadays, products made from natural wood, especially handmade ones, are highly valued. Not only simple products are in demand: cutting boards, bowls, salt shakers, plates, spoons, bracelets, but also more complex and large ones: toys, nesting dolls, jugs in vases, chess, turned railing posts, coffee tables, cabinets, etc. Equipment of the workshop is not very difficult. The workshop should have a carpentry workbench for preparing material for carving, as well as a sharpening machine and a table for sharpening and dressing tools. An ordinary dining table can be used as a workbench, to the top of which a board made of beech, oak, or birch (300 mm wide, 50 mm thick) is attached using metal clamps. The board should be smoothly planed and covered with drying oil. Such a workbench is equipped with a vice, stops for sawing and planing and other devices.

The carver's kit should include the following basic tools: 3 cutters of different widths, 6 straight chisels with a width of 3-30 mm (used for cleaning the background). 5-6 sloping chisels, about 20 medium and steep chisels, 2 straight chisels, 5 and 10 mm wide. 2 corner chisels, 2 scratches, 3 jambs of different widths, 2 knives with blade length S0 and 150 mm. More convenient are the handles (handles) of chisels that have an oval or oval-ellipse shape in cross-section. The length of the chisel handles should be 105-130 mm, diameter 22-28 mm.

Cutters are used wide and narrow. The blade of the cutter is beveled not only along the edge, but also along the planes towards the cutting edge. There are chamfers on both sides of the blade. The wide cutter blade is approximately 2 cm wide, the narrow cutter blade is 7 mm wide. Chisels are used mainly for relief carving; they can be straight or semicircular. Semicircular chisels are sloping, medium and steep. The shape of a semicircular chisel is determined by the bending radius of the blade, and the size by its width.

Tools

Cyrasics (Fig. I) are necessary for making narrow semicircular recesses, making veins and processing the transition of the background to the edge of the ornament, as well as for various small works. In their shape they are similar to narrow semicircular chisels with a large depth of bend. Angle chisels (Fig. 2) with a blade in the form of an angle are used for cutting lines and veins. The dimensions of the corners according to the working width are varied. The angle formed by the blade sharply bent along its entire length is approximately 50-70°. The width of each side is 5-15 mm. . Cranberries (Fig. 3) are chisels with a very short blade and a long, curved blade! near the canvas at the neck, used to make deep bas-relief carvings and to sample the background. Wide and narrow knives (like daggers) are used to make slotted carvings.

For mosaic work, a knife (or scalpel) is required to cut out the pattern. The carver should have at his disposal: a compass-cutter for cutting round parts, a saw for cutting plywood, a device for cutting with a jigsaw, a scraper for drilling small holes and a thicknesser, which is used to apply longitudinal lines and cut plywood, for which needles or flat knives are inserted into the legs of the thicknesser .

A set of tools for making three-dimensional sculpture consists of semicircular chisels (7-8 pieces) with a width of 1.5 to 4.0 cm and a special knife (Bogorodsky) for finishing. In addition to the main cutting tools, the carver must also have auxiliary tools: marking tools (tape measure, folding meter, metal ruler, squares, compasses, surface planers, scriber protractors, pencil), drilling tools (brace, auger and gimlet, feather drill, screw, center ) and cutting (hand saws for various purposes, blade sizes and shapes, hacksaws, jigsaws, knives of various shapes). The carver may need carpentry tools when preparing parts for carving: a plane, a sherhebel (a plane with a rounded blade) for rough planing and a jointer (differing in the length of the block) for finishing, a scraper, a sander, a chisel, mallets, a mold, etc. You will also need files with coarse and fine notches and sandpapers, hammers, pliers, pliers, pliers, wire cutters, awls, screwdrivers, punch.

From all types of products, you need to choose those that you can quickly produce and sell profitably, and select the appropriate thread and turning technology for these products. In some cases, carving and turning should be combined. Master wood surface processing technologies: sanding and polishing, coating with varnishes and paints, artistic painting.

Art products require high-quality, healthy wood. But interesting things can be made from lower quality wood and even wood with defects. For each type of product, a specific wood is selected based on color, hardness and other characteristics. It is better to cut small objects from soft wood (linden, alder), since soft wood is easier to cut. Harder wood (larch, birch, beech, oak, elm, maple, rowan, ash, walnut, apple) with a beautiful texture produces elegant turned products with a smooth surface. Very hard species include white acacia, Karelian birch, hornbeam, dogwood, and boxwood.

The color of the wood is no less important for products. The wood of hornbeam, birch, rowan, oak, linden, aspen, juniper, chestnut, poplar, apple, and pear has a matte shine. Walnut and Siberian cedar have a silvery kick; cherry wood has a golden hue. The wood of willow, ash, maple, elm, bird cherry, and plane tree has a shimmering, silky sheen, and in birch wood you can find a sheen with moiré tints.

The density of the wood is also important for processing. High-density wood (boxwood, acacia, hornbeam, dogwood, saxaul) is easy to process, well varnished and polished. Larch, birch, elm, beech, pear, apple, ash, oak, maple, walnut, sycamore, and rowan have average density. Pine, spruce, fir, cedar, juniper, poplar, linden, willow, aspen, and alder are low-density woods and, therefore, more difficult to process. You can harvest high-quality wood for ornamental work from October to January, as it contains less moisture at this time. There is no need to spoil growing trees; you can always find the necessary material at forest clearing sites, sanitary felling, at cutting sites where there are a lot of fallen fresh trees, as well as in city parks, public gardens, and garden plots during autumn-spring pruning of trees and shrubs. The wood is cleared of bark, the boards and bars are thoroughly air-dried in stacks.

The harvested wood is sawed with saws (hacksaw), planed with a hand plane to eliminate unevenness, roughness, and defects on the surfaces of the workpieces and give the required shape. Using a brace, drill or drilling machine, various holes are drilled. Using chisels and chisels, indentations are made. Use chisels to level and finally clean the holes. The wooden surfaces are finally finished and cleaned with scrapers, sandpapers, and files.

Before finishing, the wood is deresined (solutions are prepared in various combinations from components such as acetone, potash, ethyl alcohol, soda ash, soap, etc.). if necessary, bleach using bleach, oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide, hytanium peroxide. For bleaching, you can also use citric or acetic acid diluted with water (50 g of acid per 1 liter of water). Wood is well colored with dyes used for cotton fabrics, as well as natural ones (in the form of decoctions from plants, tree bark, sawdust, etc.), which can be prepared independently at home. There are a number of methods (direct surface, mordant, developed). Varnishing, polishing and waxing are used as transparent wood finishing.

For varnishing (transparent wood finishing), furniture nitrovarnishes NTs-218, NTs-221, NTs-222 are used. NTs-223. NTs-228. They are light, give an even, smooth, durable glossy film, and can be applied with a brush, spray gun or spray gun. Pitrolacquers NTs-49, NTs-214M, NTs-243 give a matte film. Polyurethane varnishes UR-2112M, UR-271, UR-2104M, UR-2124M are distinguished by good gloss, and varnish UR-277M with RL-277 solvent is moisture resistant. A homogeneous glossy transparent film is provided by light varnishes GF-166 (glyphthalic) and PF-283 (yengafthalic), applied with a brush or spray paint. Polishing is carried out by applying special polishing pastes and liquids to paint and varnish coatings and inducing a mirror shine. For polishing pastes, we recommend infusion No. 290, a mixture of aluminum oxide and a binder (castor or vaseline oil). Irregularities that arise after applying the varnish layer can be easily removed with sanding paste No. 289. The coating can then also be polished with paste No. 290.

Waxing is one of the easiest ways to transparently finish wooden products; in this case, the surface acquires a matte shine and the wood texture becomes more contrasting. Wax polishes (pastes) are used for waxing. The best polishes are those based on beeswax. In small doses, stirring, pour hot wax (60%), previously dissolved over low heat, into hot turpentine (40%), heated in a water bath. After cooling, the polish is ready.

It is also possible to produce opaque wood finishing (surface sanding, de-resining, local filling, priming, filling and painting). Special finishing is created by various protective decorative paint coatings (“hammer”, “shagreen”, “moiré”). You can give the surface of wood and the appearance of metal. Linden, oak, maple, ash and other hardwoods that do not emit resinous substances are suitable for metallization. Metallization (spraying on the surface of aluminum, zinc, copper) is carried out using a special EM-ZA apparatus. With the help of artistic sawing, burning, chasing, and various types of carving, you can make magnificent products.

Artistic sawing is done using a metal or wooden jigsaw. The drawing is transferred onto the prepared (cleaned) surface of the plywood (planed board) using carbon paper using a soft pencil. Places to be cut out are shaded. The sawn parts are cleaned first with a knife, chisel, file and finally with sandpaper. After sanding, the parts can be stained, varnished or polished. Burning out ornamental patterns on a wooden surface is done with hot nichrome needles (pins) and special devices. The design is transferred to the surface to be decorated in the same way as when sawing. After completion of the work, the surface can be stained, varnished or painted. Turning at home is performed using a tabletop woodworking machine and hand tools (a semicircular chisel and a jamb cutter). For turned products, it is better to take soft deciduous wood (linden, alder). Wood carving can be flat-relief, relief, geometric, contour, slotted, applied, volumetric. Carving work can be performed on wood of almost all species. The choice of wood for carving depends on the purpose, type and shape of the product. Alder, linden, and birch wood can be easily processed. Silver wood aspen, willow, rowan, pear, maple, walnut, chestnut, etc. are used in any type of carving.

The main tools for carving are chisels of various shapes: flat, semicircular, cranberries, corners, cerasics, jambs. The carving is made according to a developed pattern, which is transferred through carbon paper to the prepared surface of the workpiece or product.

Using flat-relief carving, you can create quite complex plant motifs and subject compositions. Relief carving is done in a clear pattern drawn from tracing paper. Using a thinly diluted varnish (nitrocellulose, oil, alcohol), the thread can be made matte, and it can also be tinted with stains, mordants or an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, or polished. Geometric carving is the easiest to learn. The basis of this is made up of two-triangular recesses, with the help of which you can make patterns in the form of beads, honeycombs, cones, scales, and using recesses - in the form of chains, snakes, stars, crosses and the like.

Contour carving resembles engraving. Contour LIVIA carving is done with a jamb knife; steep edge lines, curls, small circles are best cut with semicircular chisels. Slotted (openwork) carving is performed by cutting through or drilling out the background. The drawing is transferred to a wooden blank. The areas that must be removed are shaded and holes are made in them using a chisel or drill. The shaded small areas are cut out with a jigsaw, and the circles are turned with a saw. Furniture, cornices, shutters, and window frames are decorated with this carving.

With overhead speech, the cut-out image is placed on a smooth surface. The technique of volumetric carving is used to create decorative details of buildings, sculptures, and household utensils. Using semicircular chisels and a knife, ornamental cuts are made that reproduce the pattern of human clothing, animal skin, leaf veins, grass texture, etc. The surface of the sculpture can be sanded with fine-grained sandpaper, varnished, or painted.

Thus, using various processing methods and artistic techniques, you can make from the simplest boards for chopping and slicing food to real artistic products - carved boxes, coffee tables, and sculptures. Wooden bread bins are in demand, and a bread bin made by a skilled craftsman can be sold for good money in a store. Simply polished sections of trunks of apple, rowan, pear and especially juniper up to 20-25 mm thick sell well for 100 rubles as coasters for hot dishes.

Read about this topic on the website:

Products from birch bark Products from willow rod Products from straw

Chemical Processing Technique

The last method of wood processing is chemical. In this case, the material is exposed to various chemicals. As a result of this processing, you can get paper and cardboard, which, as everyone knows, are made from natural wood. And this is far from the only option for finished raw materials! Thus, by dry distillation of wood or pyrolysis, one can obtain charcoal, methyl alcohol, acetic acid, phenolic resins, and various solvents of organic origin.

The chemical processing method also includes rosin-turpentine production, that is, one in which turpentine and rosin are obtained. These components are actively used in such areas as paint and varnish, perfumery and pharmaceuticals.

TECHNOLOGIES OF MACHINE PROCESSING OF WOOD AND WOOD MATERIALS lesson plan on technology (grade 6)

Processing wood biologically

Popular message topics

What is mechanical machining process

Moneybox of knowledge

Chemical Processing Technique