Russian beauty - birch: description and planting rules

Birch - description and characteristics

Birch is a white-trunked tree, reaching a height of up to 30 m. It lives for approximately 100-150 years. It has an even long trunk, smooth, with characteristic black lines or spots on the surface of the bark. The tree has branched roots that go deep into the ground. The leaves are triangular oblong in shape, different sizes, very fragrant, colored in different shades of green, jagged along the edges. Young leaves may be sticky.

Dwarf

From time immemorial in Rus' it has been a cult plant, a symbol of Slavism. The tree was associated with the appearance of a young beautiful girl - pure and immaculate. In Slavic culture it is a spiritual tree - it drives away evil spirits and is a family talisman.

Widely used in folk medicine. For example, you can make a bath broom from branches, steaming with which will relieve muscle tension and soothe the skin. Birch sap has a beneficial effect on blood circulation, and tar will help with skin diseases.

The beauty and significance of this tree is glorified in literature, and the benefits of birch as a plant cannot be overestimated. It is hardy and tolerant of any weather and soil, which is why its natural habitat in nature is so wide.

Black

Application of birch boards

It is best to use lumber in the furniture industry, for the manufacture of various decorative elements, which will subsequently be used indoors.

Birch, like oak, is considered a very hard wood, but at the same time it lends itself well to any processing. Luxury furniture, as a rule, is very often made from birch.

Wood is not recommended for outdoor structures, fencing or any outdoor decorative elements. Wood absorbs moisture well and dries very slowly. This contributes to rapid deterioration of lumber, causing rotting, warping and cracking. In this regard, for exterior decoration, preference should be given to coniferous species, which, compared to birch, are more resistant to moisture and are characterized by resin content.

Birch wood furniture

It is not recommended to build baths, saunas, gazebos, and verandas from such wood. But when using it for interior decoration, the result will be excellent.

The structure of wood and its aesthetic qualities make it possible to recreate interiors that are unique in their beauty and uniqueness, which will delight their owners for many years. Birch is almost as hard as oak, but its price is several times less than solid oak or beech.

Memorable image of a tree

The appearance of the birch is familiar to everyone; a large number of songs, poems, tales have been written about it, and many wonderful paintings have been drawn.
This is the most famous tree, the symbol and pride of the Russian people. Very often, the description of a birch leaf becomes the main theme of many literary works. Birch is always beautiful. Every season of the year makes it delightful and unusual. Everyone knows how beautiful she can be with green earrings, soft braids, silvery dew, and white bark. Very often there is a brief description of birch in school literature.

Numerous fairy tales, poems, and riddles that are passed down from generation to generation can show all the beauty and inimitability of a slender tree. This is probably why the description of birch for children, including in artistic skill, is very important for their spiritual development and education of patriotic feelings, the revelation of humanity, as well as the formation of love for all living things.

Dahurian birch

Dark-barked tree species are widespread in the Far East, although some of them can also be admired in Eastern Siberia. These include Dahurian birch. A tree with an openwork crown grows up to 25 m in height. The main difference from other species is the original bark: in young birch trees it is pinkish, in old ones it is dark gray, less often black-brown, with cracks along the fibers. Birch bark may periodically peel off and partially fall off; the remaining part, which hangs in shreds, creates a curly effect. The dark green oval-shaped leaves of Dahurian birch (black) acquire a yellow-brown tint by autumn. Flowering begins immediately after the leaves bloom. The duration of the growing season is shorter than that of other species.

Where do trees grow?

Birch is one of the most common trees in Russia. It is found in deciduous forests, there are even entire birch groves and forests. Dwarf birches, belonging to the shrubs, grow in the tundra part of Siberia. The habitat of the culture will also be Dagestan, where trees often form forests near gorges. Birch trees are also actively growing in Crimea, especially heat-loving species.

In addition to Russia, this culture is widespread in the countries of North America, as well as in parts of Eurasia. Some individual species are found throughout the world: in Japan, India, Australia. The habitat of such trees covers the whole of Southeast Asia. The popularity of the culture is due to its undemanding nature: birch grows easily on a variety of soil types, it can withstand both drought and frost, and often “settles” near water and swampy areas, and chooses the shores of not only freshwater, but also seawater bodies as its habitat.

Many species of birch are widespread and important forest-forming species, largely determining the appearance and species composition of deciduous and coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests in the temperate and cold parts of Eurasia and North America. Among the birches there are also shrubs, the most famous of which is the dwarf birch (Betula nana) common in the tundras of Europe and North America and the mountain tundras of Siberia. It does not even reach 1 m in height. During the glacial and post-glacial periods, this birch was distributed much further to the south; now it is found there only in swamps as a relic.

Most birches are very frost-resistant, do not suffer from spring frosts, tolerate permafrost, penetrate far beyond the Arctic Circle or form the upper boundary of forests in the mountains (for example, crooked birch forests in the Caucasus). Birches from subtropical regions (Himalayan-Chinese, some Japanese and American river birch (Betula nigra)) are more demanding of heat. The southernmost and most heat-loving species of birch on our planet is the alder birch (Betula alnoides), which grows in the mountainous regions of the monsoon tropics of Southeast Asia.

Birch is not picky about soil richness. Birch species grow on sandy and loamy, rich and poor, wet and dry soils. It is found on damp banks of rivers and seas, in swamps, swampy tundras, on dry rocky slopes, in hot dry steppes. For example, the Radde Birch (Betula raddeana) forms forests covering gorges in the mountain forest belt in the mountains of Dagestan.

Most birches are light-loving, although there are some that are quite shade-tolerant (Ribbed Birch (Betula costata), Woolly Birch (Betula lanata) and Alleghenian Birch (Betula alleghaniensis)).

Many species of birch are pioneers in the colonization of clearings, burnt areas, wastelands and outcrops (such as the silver birch (Betula pendula)): in these places, pure birch stands (secondary forests) are often observed, mainly of the grass type, so birch is often classified as a soil-improving species. Subsequently, the composition of the forest stand changes: birch is replaced by spruce, since spruce shoots can exist under a relatively light birch canopy, and young birch trees are shaded by spruce trees and die.

In the forest-steppe, in moist places in saucer-shaped depressions, birch (often together with aspen and occasionally willow) forms small forests called kolkas. Kolki are characteristic of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia and are found on the Oka-Don Plain.

The genus Birch in the collections of Russian botanical gardens is generally represented by 92 taxa, exclusively in open ground collections. The largest collection of the genus is located in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Birch - the bright beauty of Russian forests

Birch is the bright beauty of Russian forests. Its trunks turn white in the forest, giving people joy, peace and hope. From time immemorial, people come to her for advice and consolation. Birch is the pride and symbol of the Slavs. It is often called the tree of life.

Birch is not without reason considered a sacred tree, a spiritual symbol. Since ancient times, she has been taking care of people. Leaves - for health, branches - for brooms, bark for writing, crafts, tar and starting a fire, wood for warmth.

Birch in Russia has always been associated with a young maiden with its purity, whiteness, and sophistication. The branches of the Birch bend over the traveler, like a woman’s hands, to embrace him in her tender embrace.

Birch name

The Russian word Birch comes from Praslav. berza, from the root *bhereĝ- “to glow, turn white.”

Where does Birch grow?

Birch is widespread throughout Russia and the Northern Hemisphere as a whole, even beyond the Arctic Circle. Birch is undemanding and tolerates both heat and cold.

Dwarf Birch grows in the tundras of Europe and North America and the mountain tundras of Siberia. It does not even reach 1 m in height. During the glacial and post-glacial periods, this Birch was distributed much further to the south; now it is found there only in swamps as a relic.

What does Birch look like?

Birch is probably familiar to everyone. But let’s write a few words anyway.

Birch is a tall light tree with a spreading crown. It is always light in the Birch Forest, and not only because of the white trunks. Birch leaves are not large and the crown lets in a lot of light.

The height of Birch is usually 15-30m. However, Birch's life is not long. Actually, 1st century. Birch usually lives about 100 years.

Birch bark is white in most species. The outer part of the bark - the birch bark - usually peels off easily in ribbons. In old Birch trees, the lower part of the trunk is covered with a dark crust with deep cracks.

Birch leaves are small, jagged, pointed at the end, and sticky in spring.

Birch flowers - earrings. Birch's earrings are not all the same: some are for men, some are for women.

Men's earrings appear on Bereza in the summer. At first they are erect and green in color, then gradually turn brown. The outside of the entire earring is covered with a resinous substance impenetrable to moisture. In this form, the earrings spend the winter.

In the spring, in March - May, the shaft of the male catkin lengthens, as a result of which the scales surrounding the flower open, and yellow stamens become noticeable between them, abundantly releasing pollen.

Women's birch catkins always sit on the side of the branch. During flowering, they are always shorter and narrower than male ones, which immediately fall off after pollination.

When to collect birch leaves?

Birch leaves should be collected in mid-May, as soon as the leaves are no longer sticky.

Birch leaves are harvested in May - June - birch leaves should be fragrant and sticky, young, and not coarse. To dry, birch leaves are placed on wide paper sheets in a dark, cool place with good ventilation.

Medicinal properties of Birch

The main medicinal properties of Birch : antimicrobial, wound healing, good anti-inflammatory properties, resorption ability - this is not a complete list of the wonderful properties of these leaves.

Diuretic, and most importantly choleretic properties are often used by herbalists in a variety of preparations.

Application of Birch

Birch leaves have a rich composition - essential oils, phytoncides, vitamin C, carotene, plant glycosides, tannins, nicotinic acid and other elements. A decoction of birch leaves is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic, a diuretic and choleretic drug.

The infusion of birch leaves is more intense, so it is used for local treatment. Alcohol and essential substances that contain birch leaves have antimycotic and antiviral effects.

Tannins, which birch leaves are rich in, have bactericidal and anti-inflammatory properties.

Phytoncides and flavonoids are antioxidants that absorb free radicals, so Birch leaves can rejuvenate cells and tissues and restore them.

An infusion of young birch leaves is used as a stimulant, prescribed for disorders of the nervous system, renal colic, jaundice, as an anti-inflammatory and vitamin remedy.

Birch buds are a diaphoretic, diuretic and choleretic agent. For diseases of the kidneys and bladder, dropsy, use a water infusion or decoction in a ratio of 1:5. Kidney infusions are prepared at the rate of 2 teaspoons per glass of boiling water. Take 2-3 tablespoons 3-4 times a day. A decoction is prepared from 30 g of buds per glass of water and is also taken as an infusion.

A vitamin drink is made from birch leaves : young leaves are crushed and poured with hot boiled water, infused for 4 hours.

Birch juice . Birch sap is not only tasty but also healthy, has a good general strengthening effect, its ability to dissolve stones has been identified, so the sap is used in complex therapy for urolithiasis.

The usefulness of birch sap is determined by its chemical composition, the presence of many valuable substances, in particular glucose and fructose, which are well absorbed by the body, nicotinic, glutamic, and aminoacetic acids.

A birch broom in a bath promotes the healing of wounds, abrasions, and cleanses the skin of rashes and acne. It helps well after physical activity, relieves pain and tension in the muscles. And its main advantage is that it helps improve ventilation in the lungs.

It is believed that the smell of Birch cures melancholy and helps against the evil eye, and birch sap, collected on special days in March and April, cleanses the blood.

Birch bark is one of the best means for starting a fire in any weather.

Birch. Interesting Facts

Sometimes on Birch you can see growths - burls - when cut, they have a unique complex and beautiful pattern. Processed burl has long been used to make elegant crafts: boxes, snuff boxes, and decorative furniture parts.

Birch is also characterized by specific types of fungi - destroyers of dead wood (saprotrophic), which play a vital role in the process of self-cleaning of forests from dead wood and windbreaks.

Why is Birch white? The cavities of birch bark cells are filled with a white resinous substance - betulin, which gives birch bark its white color.

In beekeeping, Birch is important as a pollen carrier. After all, bees collect not only nectar, but also pollen - the main source of protein and vitamins.

People living near a birch grove are much less likely to suffer from colds, since the volatile phytoncides released by the tree suppress the growth and development of bacteria.

Photo of Birch: *Galina*, ShepelevaV, karyuk.nina, Elena Shukhobova, Zosia

Source: https://xn--e1aaqjt5d.xn--p1ai/articles/derevja/bereza.html

Landing

Most types of birch trees are not particularly demanding on soil. But the culture develops best on moist sandy soils or loam. It is recommended to avoid an abundance of lime in the soil, since the tree may take root poorly and grow weak. High acidity should also be corrected. An important point to consider is the height of the tree. If you purchase a tall variety, take care that over the years the tree does not collide with an electrical line or, if knocked down in a storm, fall on a residential building.

The landing site should be well lit, but it is better if it is morning light. Shade is recommended in the afternoon, so many summer residents plant a birch tree near the house so that the building casts a shadow on the tree in the afternoon.

In addition, make sure that there are no other crops near the birch. This is due to the fact that the tree releases harmful substances into the soil. It will not get along with other plants.

The optimal age for planting is 3 years. Such a seedling is bought and planted in the fall. The survival rate will be extremely high. More similar specimens are planted in the spring, at the very beginning, but it is important that the old earthen lump is present. Seven-year-old birch trees are planted in autumn, spring, and also in winter, while preserving a lump of earth. It is no longer recommended to touch older trees, since the roots can be damaged, and the survival rate will be extremely low.

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Having chosen a place for planting, you can proceed directly to the process itself. Dig a small hole, the bottom of which will need to be lined with a layer of drainage. It will be sand, the layer thickness is at least 15 centimeters. Then the hole is half filled with a mixture consisting of peat, sand and humus (all taken in 1 part), as well as garden soil (2 parts). The seedling, together with a lump of earth, is lowered into the hole, sprinkled with water, and watered with settled water. Under no circumstances should the root collar be buried, since this in 100% of cases guarantees the death of the tree in the coming years. When planting, it is important to maintain distance: if trees are planted in a group, then there should be at least 4 meters between each seedling.

Planting and care

Growing these trees in a garden plot is not always justified. They depress nearby plantings and greatly dry out the soil. It is important to ensure that the roots of the birch are as far as possible from fruit trees and shrubs. It is also important to provide the tree with timely watering and fertilizing to minimize the risks of soil depletion.

When planting, you should follow a number of rules:

• Young birch trees should be planted in the ground in early spring; it is believed that this will minimize stress for the seedling. You can also start planting in the fall, in this case you need to take care of the presence of a good earthen ball, and the age of the seedling should not exceed 3 years. Planting older trees is possible even in winter, when the earthen ball is frozen.
• It is best to compose a soil mixture with an eye to the natural composition of the soil in the natural habitat of a particular species. But most birches are unpretentious and will take root in any soil. Acidity can also fluctuate greatly. The soil mixture is made up of earth, sand and peat (2:2:1); it is also worth providing a drainage layer about 15 cm thick.
• The planting hole should be of such depth that the earthen ball fits completely. The seedling should be covered with soil just above the level of the root collar. Severe deepening of the roots will lead to a decrease in the growth rate or even death of the seedling, since the mycorrhizal fungus that lives on the roots, which is necessary for growth, will die.
• When planting in groups, maintain a distance of 3-4 m between trees.
• When planting, as well as for several days after it, you need to water the seedlings abundantly.

Growth at an early stage is slow, but when the tree reaches four years of age it noticeably accelerates. On average, a tree grows 1 m per year.

Minimal care is required for trees of this type. In summer, it is enough to water the seedlings in a timely manner to prevent the tree trunk circle from drying out. You should also carefully loosen the soil, going deeper by about 3-5 cm, so as not to damage the root. If necessary, the tree trunk circle is mulched (a layer of sawdust, peat, compost - about 10 cm).

At the beginning of spring, while the leaves have not yet appeared on the branches, you can apply fertilizer. For this, a mixture of manure (1 kg), ammonium nitrate (15 g), urea (10 g) in a bucket of water is suitable. Repeated application of fertilizers is possible at the end of spring.

The older the tree, the more fertilizer it will need. Birch trees 10-20 years old are watered with 30 liters of nutrient solution; older trees will need 50 liters.

You should also take care to protect the seedlings from gusts of wind; to do this, it is enough to tie the trunk to a peg for the first six months after transplantation.

Crown pruning is not used for birch, so as not to disturb its structure; the tree will look worse. It is enough to remove dry or damaged shoots in the spring.

Types of birch trees

The exact classification has not yet been established, and the number of species in the family is about 100. The most popular:

Silver birch (Betula pendula)

This species is popularly called warty birch, silver birch, weeping birch, drooping birch, and also European white birch. This tree can reach a height of about 30 meters. While the plant is young, its bark is brown. When a tree is 10 years old, its bark begins to turn white. There are a large number of growths on the surface of the branches, which is why the plant is called “warty”. The stems sag, which is a characteristic feature of this species. This species is resistant to frost and drought, while it is distinguished by its light-loving nature.

Downy birch (Betula Pubescens)

This species is also called pubescent birch, or curly (fluffy) birch. Its height is about 25 meters. The trunk of young trees is covered with brownish-red bark, which after some time becomes snow-white. The branches growing upward form a wide and spreading crown. This species is frost-resistant, and it also grows normally in shaded or marshy areas.

Today, the name “white birch” is used extremely rarely, as it has often caused confusion.

Also related to this type:

1. Birch flat-leaved . It is also called Asian or Japanese white. It grows in Siberia, as well as in cold and temperate Asian regions (Japan, China and Korea). This plant is quite often used for cities, and it is also often grown in home areas. The most common varieties of this species are: Whitespire, Fargo, Szechuanica.
2. American white birch, either Canoi or paper birch . Under natural conditions, it is widespread in Canada and the USA, and in culture it is grown quite successfully in European countries. The species is distinguished by its unpretentiousness, it is drought-resistant, and also grows normally in wetlands. The wood of this type of birch is especially valued, as it has a pale red color and can be easily polished. The most popular varieties are: Renaissane Reflection, Vancouver, St. Gerge.

Also among the many types of birch, the following stand out:

1. Red birch, or sweet, or cherry, or viscous . The species grows in North America. Its bark is almost black or brownish-red. The plant reaches a height of about 25 meters, while the crown of a young plant has a pyramidal shape. After some time, the crown takes on the shape of a ball, while the branches become sagging. There are clearly visible cracks on the surface of the cherry-colored bark. It is characterized by average resistance to frost; the variety can be used for cultivation in regions with a mild, warm climate.
2. Erman's birch, or stone . This low-growing tree reaches a height of about 15 meters. The species is most widely distributed in the Far East. The surface of the curved trunk is covered with dark-colored bark, which after some time becomes severely cracked. This tree is long-lived (up to 400 years), and it is also distinguished by its unpretentiousness.
3. Black birch . The species has a thick trunk, a height of about 30 meters, and it is thermophilic. The crown is openwork, the shape of the leaf plates is oval.
4. Dwarf . In nature, it is found only in the tundra, but prefers mountainous terrain. The species has an external resemblance to a highly branching shrub.
5. Karelian . The low-growing tree reaches a height of about 8 meters, and it can look like a tall shrub. The species has very valuable wood.

Himalayan and Canadian birches have snow-white bark. The fact is that it needs to reflect a very large amount of ultraviolet sunlight.

Most birch species are frost-resistant. All heat-loving species come from the southern regions.

Cherry birch (Betula lenta)

A deciduous tree native to the eastern regions of North America with a height of 20–25 m and a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm.

The crown in youth is pyramidal; later rounded, transparent, with hanging branches. The bark is dark brown, almost cherry red, unlike most species, uneven, dissected by many cracks. The young bark is aromatic with a spicy aftertaste.

The shoots are slightly pubescent when young, later they become bare and red-brown. The branches and leaves are used in the cosmetics industry to produce essential oils.

Dwarf birch (Betula nana)

Shrub growing from 30 cm to 120 cm with brown or black bark. The branches are short pubescent. The leaves are round and quite small: the maximum width is 2 cm. The tops of the leaves are dark green and the undersides are lighter. The foliage on dwarf birch is dense.

It has very good winter hardiness and tolerates frosts of more than -40° C. Typical locations for dwarf birch trees are peat bogs and wet meadows.

It has an extensive underground system. Rhizomes and roots make up 80% of the total biomass of the plant. Such roots are an adaptation to arctic and alpine soils, which usually contain little nitrogen and phosphorus.

Birch birch (Betula humilis)

This species is native to central and eastern Europe but is also native to Siberia and Mongolia. In Europe it is a relic of the Ice Age.

A branched shrub with a height of 70 cm to 2 m in the wild forms thickets along rivers. Grows in swamps, swampy alder and birch forests. The bark does not peel off. Young shoots are dotted with resin glands that protect the bush from dehydration. The leaves are rounded-ovate, dark green above, light green below.

Birch (Betula utilis)

The birthplace of this birch is the Himalayas, where it grows at an altitude of 4500 m. The Himalayan birch is easily recognized by its dazzling white, silky, shiny bark.

As the tree grows, the old bark peels off in wide strips, revealing new bark. The useful birch is a multi-stemmed tree, its branches grow upward. The width of the pyramidal crown reaches 8 meters, and the height of a mature plant is 20 m. The leaves have serrated edges and slight pubescence. Their length is 5-10 cm.

Black birch (river)

The most heat-loving species of birch trees, up to 30 m high and with a trunk diameter of more than 1 m. The openwork crown of wild trees is formed by oval or ovoid leaves, dark green on top and whitish or gray below. The bark of the trees can be rough, gray or brown, and sometimes there are smooth and even birches with creamy pink bark that peels off like paper. A thermophilic species of birch, it is widespread in the United States from New Hampshire to Texas and Florida.

Where do birch trees grow except in Russia - Dacha, garden, vegetable garden, indoor plants

People in ancient times grew birch trees near their yards, believing that this tree could protect them from diseases , especially during epidemics.

The tree was planted near the gate and a bench was placed next to it so that you could sit down and talk to it, ask for health and help. People also believed that birch could ward off evil spirits.

Settlements were fenced with a birch ring; various amulets made from birch bark were popular.

Birch is a tree no more than 25 m high. The trunk is smooth, white and straight, with black lines on the bark. Branches with resinous warts, thin, well developed and dense. Mature trees have drooping branches.

The leaves are smooth on both sides, long-petiolate, pointed at the end and wide at the base, diamond-ovate or triangular in shape , 3-4 cm long. Young birch trees have fragrant and sticky leaves. Buds form in March. They are elongated, reddish-brown in color, astringent in taste and resinous.

Birch is a monoecious crop. The tree has staminate (male) and pistillate (female) catkins. Staminate catkins are located in 3-4 pieces at the ends of branches, 6-7 cm long, pendulous. Pistillate catkins are 2.3-3.5 cm long, erect, axillary, located one at a time on short lateral branches.

Begins to bloom in April-May. Male inflorescences develop in autumn and continue to remain in winter; female inflorescences are formed when the leaves bloom. Pistillate inflorescences are connected in 3-4 pieces, have 3-lobed scales. The fruits begin to ripen in August-September. One earring contains approximately 600 seeds.

The fruit is a flat single-seeded nut of elliptical oblong shape, with two wings, they are 3-4 times larger than the nut itself. The seeds are carried by the wind and take root well when placed on moist or dry, loamy, sandy, rocky-gravelly or black soil.

The tree grows very quickly and renews itself beautifully by self-seeding and shoots.

Where does birch grow?

There are about 150 species of birch trees in the world. Of these, approximately 70 species grow in our country. These trees are not very different from each other and are used in medicine in the same way. The most common are silver birch, downy birch and squat birch.

Birch is photophilous and tolerates any climate well. Grows in forest-steppe and forest zones. Quite common in gardens, parks, and grows near roads. The tree's lifespan is approximately 120-150 years.

Birch often creates derivative forests in place of burned or cut down spruce, pine, deciduous and oak forests. It quickly begins to populate the vacated space, but is replaced over time by other tree species.

Variety of species

The exact number of birch species due to polymorphism has not been determined. But many scientists are inclined to believe that there are about 150 of them. There is no single classification, but the most successful is the division of all species into four groups:

• Costata - characterized by rough leaves due to protruding veins below and a ribbed trunk.
• Albae - includes birches with white and similar bark color.
• Nanae - includes all low-growing species with small foliage.
• Acuminatae are large-leaved species that grow in subtropical conditions.

Here are the most common types of birch trees.

Warty (hanging)

The most common type, the height of the birch is up to 35 m and has a trunk diameter of 80-85 cm. Young birch trees have brown bark, which turns white by the age of 10. In old trees, the lower part of the trunks turns black and begins to become covered with deep cracks.

The branches are covered with a scattering of a large number of resinous formations that resemble warts, hence the popular name - warty birch . The branches of young trees hang down characteristically, which is why birch is often called silver birch. Grows in Asia, North Africa and Europe.

The variety is demanding of the sun, easily tolerates drought, and is frost-resistant.

Hairy (fluffy)

The tree has a height of 20-27 m, a trunk diameter of about 75 cm. Young trees have red-brown bark, which after time becomes snow-white.

The crown of a young tree is slender, narrow, with branches directed upward, becoming spreading and wide with age. This species grows in the European part of Russia, in Siberian forests, the Caucasus and Western Europe.

The variety does not particularly need sun, it is shade-tolerant and winter-hardy. Feels very good in wetlands, prefers moist soil.

Sweet (sticky, cherry)

The tree is medium-sized, trunk diameter up to 65 cm, height 22-27 m. The crown is pyramidal, over time it becomes transparent, round, with drooping branches. The variety is characterized by dark brown, uneven bark, which is covered with pronounced cracks. The bark of young growth has a fragrant, spicy smell.

This species grows quickly, preferring moist, light and well-drained soils , and is long-lived. It has average winter hardiness and often freezes in severe frosts. Due to its high demands on growing conditions, it never becomes a dominant tree.

Grows well in Belarus and the Baltic countries.

Karelian

This species can reach 6-9 m, but often has the form of a small bush. The trunk is often covered with multiple irregularities (swells or tubercles) and is characterized by an unusual pattern that resembles marble veins. Wood is valued in furniture production.

Stone (Ermana)

This tree received its name in honor of the German traveler and physicist Adolf Georg Ermann. Among the birch trees it is a long-liver; some trees can grow up to 500 years.

With a small height of 10-12 m, the tree usually has a curved trunk diameter of up to 1 m. The bark is flaky, dark gray or brown, and begins to crack with age.

The branches are erect, pubescent and warty in young growth, forming a translucent, wide, very beautiful crown.

The species is unpretentious, shade-tolerant , cold-resistant, grows well on rocky soils. On swampy soils it is replaced by downy birch; it does not tolerate excess moisture well. It grows in Yakutia, Buryatia, China, the Far East, Korea and Japan.

Dwarf (dwarf, short)

This species is found on the plains and also grows in the mountains and tundra.

It resembles a bush with powerful branching or is a low tree whose trunk is surrounded by warty branches. The bark of this tree is dark brown; young trees have a densely pubescent trunk.

For growth and development, it prefers slightly acidic or acidic soil; it tolerates waterlogged, heavy soil well.

River (black)

The most heat-loving variety of tree with a trunk diameter of more than 1 m and a height of up to 35 m. The openwork crown is formed by ovoid or oval leaves, gray or whitish below, dark green above .

The bark can be brown, gray or rough, and in some cases there are even and smooth trees with creamy pink bark that peels off like paper. Widely distributed in America, heat-loving species.

Useful material

Birch leaves contain:

• saponins;
• essential oil;
• vitamin C;
• ascorbic acid;
• a nicotinic acid;
• carotene;
• glucosides;
• betulo-retinoic acid;
• triterpene alcohols;
• tannins;
• flavonoids;
• betulalbin resin;
• inositol

Birch buds contain: ascorbic acid, essential oil and saponins, as well as bitterness, phytoncides, grape sugar, resin, tannins.

Birch bark contains betulol (triterpene alcohol), which protects the tree from fungi and due to which the plant has a white color, saponins, glucosides (gaulterin and beta-loside), acids (lilac, protocatechinic, oxybenzoic, vanillic), bitter substance, leu- coanthocyanins, catechins, a small amount of essential oil, resinous and tannin substances.

Tar, which is obtained from birch bark using dry distillation, contains cresols, phenol, guaiacol, and dioxybenzenes.

Birch sap contains sugars - glucose and fructose, protein, malic acid, aromatic and tannin substances, vitamins B and C. In addition, birch sap is rich in mineral microelements and substances such as:

• Sodium;
• Potassium;
• Magnesium;
• Calcium;
• Manganese;
• Aluminum;
• Silicon;
• Iron;
• Copper;
• Titanium;
• Barium;
• Strontium;
• Phosphorus;
• Zirconium;
• Nickel.

Kidneys

Decoctions and infusions of birch buds produce diaphoretic, choleretic, analgesic, blood purifying, wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects.

An alcoholic infusion of birch buds is taken for hiccups, pain in the intestines and stomach , as well as for colds. In addition, tincture of the kidneys is used as compresses and rubs for gout, rheumatism, lumbago, joint pain, abrasions, bedsores, non-healing wounds and cuts.

Bark

Birch bark is used in the treatment of ulcers and wounds, as well as diathesis. It does not allow suppuration of the affected area of ​​the skin. Birch bark decoction is used for uterine bleeding and malaria. A decoction of the thin film that grows from birch bark helps with coughing.

The film is also applied to draw out pus from boils. Birch root is used as an antifever and antirheumatic agent .

In folk medicine, birch root ash is also used for hiccups, heartburn, ulcers and indigestion of the duodenum or stomach.

Tar, which is obtained from birch bark, has antimicrobial, bactericidal, local irritant and insecticidal properties. It is found in Konkov, Wilkinson and Vishnevsky ointments, which are used to treat head lice, wounds and skin diseases.

In the old days, birch tar was used to treat patients with scabies and leprosy.

A mixture of alcohol, castor oil and birch tar is used for severe skin itching, as well as during the treatment of oily seborrhea of ​​the skin. To treat skin diseases, birch tar is used in the form of liniment or 15-35% ointment. It is also used for purulent wounds and burns.

To treat skin lesions caused by parasitic fungi, tar ointment and black tar soap are used. Tar is also used as a remedy that helps restore hearing. Why do you need to add 1 tsp to a cup of warm milk? pure birch tar and mix well. Use this remedy three times a day in between meals for 50 days.

During prolonged use of birch ointments and tar based on it, irritation of the skin may occur, and during eczema, an exacerbation of the disease may begin to develop.

Leaves

Decoctions of birch leaves and buds facilitate menstruation, increase the secretory activity of the glands , produce an anthelmintic effect against roundworms, and accelerate the onset of menstruation. Birch leaves and buds have a positive effect on the body's metabolism and help remove harmful substances and toxins from it.

Infusions and extracts of birch leaves are used during various liver diseases; they improve the general condition of the patient, have an antiemetic and analgesic effect, increase bile secretion, and reduce the size of the liver.

Fresh and dry steamed leaves are used as compresses for sweating feet and burns, as well as for rheumatic diseases.

Birch is a tree distributed throughout the world; it takes root well in a new place and is not fussy about replanting; however, its use in the industry is not very developed. Only certain varieties with great hardness make an exception.

Source: https://rm-agro.com/gde-rastut-berezy-krome-rossii/

Features of birch

The name of the birch tree comes from the Proto-Slavic Berza, which means “to glow, to turn white.” Moreover, its Latin name Betula comes from the Gaulish language. This genus is represented by deciduous trees. Moreover, it is considered the most numerous genus in the entire Northern Hemisphere. There are more than 100 species in the genus, and it itself belongs to the Birch family.

For Scandinavian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric culture, this plant has not only important everyday, but also historical and ritual significance.

Description of birch:

1. Height . For most species it varies from 30 to 45 meters. You can also find creeping and dwarf varieties, as well as shrubs.
2. Trunk coverage . It varies from 120 to 150 centimeters.
3. Root system . It can be superficial or buried, and extending obliquely into the depths of the soil. This depends directly on the type of birch, as well as on the conditions in which it grows. As a rule, the root system is powerful and branched.
4. Bark . The most common bark is white, but it can also have a brown, pink or pale yellow tint. However, in nature you can also find species whose bark is colored brown, gray, almost black. The outer layer of the bark peels off easily. Moreover, in old specimens, the lower part of the trunk is covered with a thick, dark-colored bark, on the surface of which there are many deep cracks. The surface of young stems is usually covered with brownish-red bark, on which there are many small growths.
5. Foliage . The small leaf blades have a smooth surface and an ovoid-triangular shape. Their edge is jagged. Their width is about 40 mm, and their length is up to 70 mm. They are painted in a rich green shade, which changes to bright yellow with the onset of autumn. Young leaf blades have a sticky coating.
6. Inflorescences . Scientifically they are called earring-shaped thyrsi. The complex inflorescence includes both female and male flowers. Female flowers bloom at the ends of short shoots, and male flowers bloom on long shoots. Depending on the species and climatic conditions, birch flowering begins from March to June. When the female flowers are pollinated, the male flowers fly around.
7. Fruit . It is a slightly flattened nut with small, membranous thin wings. Since the fruits are very light, they are easily spread by the wind. Thus, a gust of wind can carry them away from the parent tree at a distance of up to one hundred meters.
8. Lifespan . On average, this figure is from 100 to 300 years. However, there are also species that live longer.

general description

Birch is a tree that has a clear change in leaf cover, and it belongs to the Birch genus. Botanists have established that this plant has about a hundred species, most of which stretch up to 30-35, and sometimes 45 meters. In the midst of such diversity there are bushes that are both very large and very tiny, expelled. Life expectancy is on average 200−250 years. The tree is undemanding to soil. Sandy, clayey or infertile lands are suitable for it. Loves water and mainly grows near seas, rivers and swamps.

The roots of the common birch are quite formed and strong. They are central and superficial. The sprout has a taproot, but over time it stops growing and dries out. After this, lateral root shoots develop, producing many shoots. They grow at an angle, at an angle of 30-40 degrees, to a shallow depth. This position of auxiliary sprouts allows the tree to have sufficient resistance and durability.

A young birch grows rather slowly, but when the main root falls off and its distant parts expand, the tree begins to grow much faster and extracts all the water and nutrients from the soil. An adult tree has white bark, brownish-red, sometimes brownish, gray and even almost black, depending on the variety. The snowy color is predetermined by the fact that begulin, a white, coloring resinous substance, is present in the cells of the bark tissue.

Birch leaves are whole, rhombic or triangular in shape, with a wide wedge-shaped base, have jagged edges, are smooth, and turn yellow before falling. Young leaves are sticky. The outer layer of bark is called "birch bark" and is easily stripped off with tape.

Beneficial features

Birch has traditionally been used in medicine. The foliage of the tree contains:

• saponins;
• essential oils;
• a nicotinic acid;
• tannins.

Birch fruits contain ascorbic acid, as well as grape sugar and resin. The juice extracted from the tree is no less beneficial for the body - it is rich in fructose and glucose. It contains mineral microelements, as well as a number of other substances, among which are:

• copper;
• potassium;
• iron;
• calcium;
• phosphorus.

Medicinal decoctions are prepared from birch buds, which have a diaphoretic and choleretic effect. But they must be collected in the fall, since it is during this period that they are considered especially useful . Tinctures have the following properties:

• painkillers;
• wound healing;
• blood purifying.

Alcohol solutions on birch leaves are recommended for use for pain in the intestines and stomach, as well as for colds. Many people use tinctures for rubbing when they have gout and rheumatism, as well as other joint pain. In addition, they are used in the form of compresses to treat abrasions, non-healing wounds and bedsores.

The tree bark is used for ulcers and even diathesis. It helps fight suppuration on the affected area of ​​the skin. Decoctions are prepared from birch bark; they are widely used for uterine bleeding and severe cough. Ash helps quickly get rid of heartburn and indigestion.

Wood is also used for other economic purposes:

1. for decorating churches and homes for the Orthodox holiday of Trinity Day;
2. for decorative purposes, such trees create a special atmosphere on the site due to their beautiful crown and openwork foliage;
3. for dyeing wool yellow;
4. in beekeeping, the tree is used as an excellent pollen carrier;
5. Skis, building materials, and even firearm butts are made from heavy and dense wood;
6. Birch brooms are used not only in the bathhouse, but also as feed for livestock in winter, for lighting fireplaces and stoves.

For Russian people, the birch tree is a kind of symbol of the motherland and home. For the Slavs, this tree has always had a special meaning. Many beliefs contain information that it can protect people, and brooms based on it cleanse not only the body, but also the soul.

There are other interesting facts about birch bark. For example, in the old days they began to sow bread only when the leaves began to bloom. Since ancient times, people have grown birch trees near their homes. The people believed that it protected against diseases, epidemics and evil spirits.

The benefits of birch sap

But everyone has already heard about the benefits of birch sap. It is not only healthy, but also has a pleasant taste.

It is known not only for its general strengthening effect on the body, but also as a medicine that can dissolve stones; it is taken in combination for urolithiasis.

The chemical composition is useful, it contains glucose and fructose, nicotinic, glutamic and aminoacetic acid.

The benefits of birch broom

A birch broom, provided it is used in a bath or sauna, is absolutely amazing in its abilities.

• Not only does wounds and scratches heal when consumed, it also cleanses the skin of various rashes, including helping with acne.
• It has a positive effect during physical activity, or rather to relieve muscle soreness after it.
• And the most integral benefit is increased lung filtration.

For your information. Many people believe that the smell of birch can lift a person out of depression and get rid of spoilage, and the sap collected on certain days of the first and second spring months cleanses the blood.

A little more about the benefits

Tree bark is the simplest raw material for lighting a fire, regardless of the weather.

Sometimes the trunk contains growths; previously, these growths were processed and made into various boxes or snuff boxes, as well as some sophisticated furniture parts.

You can also find mushrooms on the tree, which destroy dead bark cells. They play an important role in the life of the forest - they clear it of dead wood.

The birch trunk is white due to the substance betulin, which is contained in the cells of its bark.

Birch is also useful for beekeepers; from it bees collect not only nectar, but also pollen, which has a large amount of protein and vitamins.

Those who live near birch groves have strong immunity, so they are not so often susceptible to viral diseases.

If this article was interesting and informative for you, then we suggest you follow the link and get acquainted with the stories of an equally beautiful tree - pedunculate oak.

Birch lumber

The density of birch wood is 650 kg/m3 with a hardness of 2.6. This means that cutting it is quite difficult. After sawing, birch lumber can quickly rot in a humid environment. However, veneer produces a strong plywood that can be used for years as structural parts for furniture. Floor coverings are also made from birch lumber.

The video shows the production of birch lumber:

Edged boards

Birch edged boards are made in the same way as most others. However, they take a very long time to dry. Minimum 10 days, maximum more than 3 weeks. During this time, 12% humidity should be achieved. Traditionally the best board is made from Karelian birch. They are used to make expensive furniture and flooring.

Edged boards made of birch wood are recommended for use as the top part of heated floors. Considering that even after drying a board in a room with high humidity can change its shape, the rating is 4.

It is best to screw an edged board, sanded and varnished, to wooden joists using self-tapping screws. This floor can be used both in a classic and modern interior. Parquet boards are also great for the latter.

Parquet board

This flooring, made from Karelian birch, belongs to the elite category. It is made not from birch veneer, but from its solid wood. This allows you to preserve the unique Karelian texture. Most often, such parquet is not painted, but varnished.

Real solid birch parquet boards are always yellow-white. This parquet is not only beautiful, but also extremely durable. Birch parquet boards are very expensive and are used only in luxury construction.

Reviews about beerza parquet are always good. Andrey from Ufa believes that birch parquet boards are the most acceptable option for flooring. For the wenge style in the living room, we decided to buy light-colored parquet boards. We chose bleached birch. Very satisfied. Floors expand the space, increasing the size of the room. Their operation does not require any special conditions.

Laminate

Birch laminate can be of completely different colors. However, the third part must be made from lumber from this tree. Such a laminate does not have a very high cost, and its characteristics with a high-quality top layer will be quite high.

This is what light birch laminate looks like in the interior

Veneer

Karelian birch wood is pre-soaked for making veneer. And then the finished mass is placed under a press. Thus, all moisture leaves the veneer, and the material becomes homogeneous and quite strong. The process of peeling wood is the most valued. Thus, peeled birch shows a special pattern. This veneer has mother-of-pearl patterns in creamy pink tones.

In the photo - birch wood veneer

The healing properties of birch

Behind the gentle energy of birch lies a powerful force. After all, it is strength and resilience that allow it to grow and flourish in places where a mighty and strong oak tree cannot survive. In addition, the ability of birch to restore damaged, for example, scorched soil, making it suitable for life and the development of other plants, emphasizes the powerful cleansing properties of this tree.

The use of birch in medicine is reflected in the appearance of pharmaceutical preparations based on the components of this plant. Tar, essential oil, canned juice, dried leaves and bark have long been recommended by doctors as therapeutic agents.

All parts of the plant are healing and have astringent, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiseptic, antiviral and even antitumor properties.

The trunk is the most attractive part of the birch tree.

The medicinal properties of birch bark are numerous and varied. Additionally, its ability to resist rot and decay even after centuries has led scientists to consider the bark as a potential anti-aging agent.

1. Birch bark contains the triterpene betulin, an organic carbon compound. It has a cleansing effect on the liver and kidneys, and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
2. Bark extract is included in ointments for external use used to treat skin diseases - psoriasis and eczema.
3. Betulinic acid, present in birch bark, is currently being studied for anticancer and antitumor properties.

Birch leaves are a source of flavonoids and essential oil.

1. An infusion of the leaves is an antiseptic and diuretic. The use of birch as a diuretic has its advantages. It is rich in potassium, so the body's reserves of this mineral are not depleted, as happens with the use of medical diuretics.
2. An infusion of birch leaves strengthens the immune system.
3. Herbalists recommend using the astringent properties of the leaves to kill bacteria that cause urinary tract infections and cystitis.

It is believed that soaking birch leaves in apple cider vinegar a couple of weeks before consumption increases their micronutrient and mineral potential and provides additional benefit of the incredible properties of apple cider vinegar.

Birch buds contain many essential oils - more than 40 components. You can make both tea and alcohol tincture from the buds. Birch buds are used to treat damaged, weak hair, gout, edema, cholecystitis, depression, and diabetes. The medicinal properties of birch buds allow them to be widely used in the cosmetics industry as part of medicinal and lifting creams for the skin.

Birch tar has a strong smoky, woody aroma, and its texture is thick and its color is dark brown or almost black.

Birch resin has antiseptic properties and is widely used in skin and hair care products. It is a natural healer for cuts, abrasions and skin conditions such as eczema or dandruff.

Birch

Birch (lat. Betula) is a genus of deciduous trees and shrubs of the Birch family ( Betulaceae

). Birch is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere; in Russia it is one of the most common tree species.

The total number of species is about a hundred or a little more.

Many types of birch are widespread and important forest-forming species, largely determining the appearance and species composition of deciduous and coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests in the temperate and cold parts of Eurasia and North America

Many parts of birch are used on the farm: wood, bark, birch bark (surface layer of bark), birch sap.

Biological description

Most birch species are trees up to 30 and even 45 m high, with a trunk girth of up to 120–150 cm, some species are shrubs from large to small, even creeping, barely rising above the ground. All representatives of the genus are monoecious, dioecious, wind-pollinated (anemophilous) plants.

The root system of birches is powerful, depending on the type and growing conditions, either superficial or, more often, extending obliquely into the depths.

The tap root of the seedling dies off very quickly, but the lateral roots develop powerfully and are rich in thin fibrous roots. Birch grows slowly only in the first years.

Then, on the contrary, it begins to grow quickly, and this ensures its victory over competing herbaceous vegetation.

The bark of most birches is white, yellowish, pinkish or reddish-brown; in some species it is gray, brown or even black.

The cavities of the cork tissue cells on the trunks are filled with a white resinous substance - betulin, which gives the bark a white color. The outer part - birch bark - is usually easily peeled off with ribbons.

In old trees, the lower part of the trunk is often covered with a dark crust with deep cracks.

Birch leaves are alternate, entire, serrated along the edges, ovate-rhombic or triangular-ovate, monosymmetrical, with a wide wedge-shaped base or almost truncated, smooth, up to 7 cm long and 4 cm wide, turning yellow before falling. Young leaves are sticky. The venation of the leaf blade is perfect pinnate-neural (pinnate-marginal): the lateral veins end in teeth.

The use of birch in folk medicine

Birch in folk medicine is used in the form of tea, decoction, tincture, powder or oil. The use of birch in folk medicine goes back many years and old recipes live on, wandering from one to another.

Birch tea with soda:

Used to get rid of stones in the bladder and kidneys.

Kidney and bladder stones dissolve faster if you drink a cup of birch tea with soda twice a day. Tea is prepared from two teaspoons of crushed leaves and 200 ml of boiling water. Pour boiling water over the leaves, cover and wait 10-15 minutes.

Before drinking, dissolve a pinch of soda in the drink.

Tea made from birch leaves and linden blossom:

Good for sweating during colds and flu.

Place a teaspoon of birch leaves and linden blossom into a cup. Pour boiling water over and let sit for 5-10 minutes.

Tea for urinary tract infections:

Tea that combines the beneficial components of birch and horsetail helps with urinary tract infections. Horsetail is also a diuretic and improves immunity.

The tea mixture is prepared from one tablespoon of horsetail and the same amount of birch leaves. Brew the herbs with 2 cups (400 ml) of boiling water and leave until cool. Strain and drink in several doses throughout the day.

Birch bud tea for cough:

Pour 1 tablespoon of birch buds into 250 ml of hot water. Wait 5 minutes and drink.

To treat cough, the infusion of birch buds should be warm.

Tincture of birch buds for gout:

Pour 50 g of buds into 500 ml of vodka, seal and place in a dark place for 10 days. Take 40 drops of tincture 2 times a day.

The tincture can be used externally by rubbing into sore spots.

Birch bark decoction:

Z st. Pour 1 liter of water over spoons of crushed bark and put on fire. Bring the liquid to a boil and cook over low heat for 30 minutes. Strain the prepared decoction of birch bark and take 0.5 cups 3-4 times a day.

This decoction improves digestion, acts as an analgesic, sedative, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory agent. When used externally, it disinfects wounds and restores damaged skin tissue. The beneficial properties of birch bark make the decoction a reliable remedy for baldness, scabies and other skin diseases.

Contraindications

The healing properties of birch are undeniable, but let's not forget that in the spring many people really suffer due to an allergy to the pollen of these beautiful trees. If someone surrounded by birches feels like in heaven and is healed, for someone the birch forest is a place where they feel bad.

1. Birch pollen is a potent allergen and preparations made from birch are contraindicated for people who are sensitive to it.
2. People with kidney or heart failure should avoid treatment with birch preparations.
3. Treatment with birch is contraindicated for pregnant and nursing mothers.
4. Birch leaves contain saponins, which have a healing effect in small doses, but are toxic in large quantities. Therefore, you should never exceed the recommended dose.

Features and disadvantages of birch material

Birch is a heavy type of wood, but compared to oak it is still considered softer and more pliable. It is difficult to split, but it tolerates processing well. In this regard, we can say with complete confidence that this wood was undeservedly forgotten by some craftsmen. In the modern world, birch lumber is again gaining popularity and is being used more and more often. Now such a board has again begun to be rated quite highly.

Birch lumber is only slightly inferior in strength to oak

Lumber should not be used to build country houses or steam rooms. With frequent exposure to moisture and unfavorable environmental conditions, the durability of birch boards is reduced to a minimum. Birch is a highly drying species, and if improperly processed, its structure becomes too deformed. Lumber is subject to the negative influence of humidity, when exposed to it, rotting processes begin to actively occur.

So, the relatively affordable cost of birch lumber is explained by the prevalence of this tree. The environmental friendliness of the material is excellent, it has a unique texture, good durability, subject to operating conditions. All these qualities increase the demand for birch lumber in Russia and abroad.

Superstitions

Superstitious people take into account folk signs that relate to planting birch trees on a site. Superstitions often play a huge role, so we suggest you familiarize yourself with the most common ones:

• Birch sap is one of the main ingredients for brewing a magic potion. Therefore, it is undesirable to plant a tree on a residential area, because it will attract evil witches;
• if birch trees are planted near the house, then there will be no happiness in it. The ancient seers spoke about this;
• when a married couple with children lives in the house, they will not be able to build strong relationships if they plant a birch tree in the local area. Such planting will lead to discord and problems in the family;
• Birch trunks often show growths, which indicate that otherworldly forces have entered the yard. Now the house will be in contact with the afterlife.

Sources:

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